In spite of its small size, Costa Rica features greater biodiversity than Europe or North America! This is due to a number of factors, among them:

• The country's location between North and South America, enabling plants and animals from both continents and the Antilles (Caribbean islands) to establish themselves there.
• Costa Rica's tropical climate and geographical makeup, that includes a range of habitats, from lowland rainforest to cloud forests, to tropical lakes and rivers.
• The nation's ecological policy, which has protected a significant percentage of its natural territory.

The plant life

Costa Rica is home to over 9000 identified species of vascular plants, including over 900 different species of trees, and more are being described each year! From sub-alpine dwarf vegetation, rainforest flora from sea level to could forest to mangrove swamps and seasonal dry forest with its deciduous trees, there is an astounding range of floral habitats for a country so small.

In the cloud forests, such as the one in Monteverde, plants abound which are specially adapted to absorbe moisture directly from the mist. It is from these huge, misty forests that Costa Rica's abundant water sources derive.

Epiphytes, plants which live on trees in order to reach the sunlight, also abound in these forests, adding to the water-gathering ability of the trees. The epiphytes aren't parasites; they feed off water and dust and nutrients which accumulate around their roots.

Costa Rica has roughly 1,500 species of orchids, almost all of them epiphytes. Costa Rica, in fact, provides much of the world's supply of orchids. Other epiphytes include bromeliads (over 200 species, much more commonly seen than the orchids.) The epiphytes, treetops and vines create a canopy that preserves the moisture within the forest, and also provides a home for many small animals and insects that live their whole lives in the canopy, never touching the ground. The cloud and rainforests of Costa Rica comprise some of the world's most complex ecosystems.

In Santa Rosa National Park and in parts of Guanacaste, seasonal dry forests host a different mix of flora. Highlighted among them are large, deciduous trees that bloom gloriously at the beginning of the dry season. The forests are lit with huge splashes of white, pink, scarlet, yellow, orange and purple, from trees with names like the poró, jacaranda, corteza and flame of the forest. Other plants flower during the rainy season, supporting a different mix of pollinating birds and insects.

The diversity inherent in tropical forests becomes clear when they are compared to the temperate forests in North America or Europe. In the temperate latitudes, forests tend to be dominated by a relatively small mix of species such as in a northern spruce forest. In a lowland tropical rainforest, one of the most diverse terrrestrial habitats on earth, hundreds of tree species can be found, and virtually every tree you walk by will be a different species from its neighbors.

This same explosion of diversity in the tropics applies to other plants than trees; to orchids, bromelaids, other epiphytes and vines, for example.

In the Pacific swampland, there are six different species of mangroves. They join the marine flora and fauna to form their own diverse ecosystem.

The animals -- birds

Costa Rica is a favorite destination for many naturalists from all over the world, and its bird population is one of the main attractions. Over 850 species have been identified, far more than have been seen in North America, Europe or Australia!

These range from the resplendent quetzal, with its shimmering green plumage, scarlet belly, white tail feathers and green tail coverts that trail over 60 cm (2 ft) behind its body -- to the rare harpy eagle, which can snatch a monkey or a sloth right out of its branch in the treetops. There are over 50 species of hummingbirds, 15 parrots (including the scarlet macaw,) six toucan species, 75 different flycatchers, 45 tanagers, 29 antbirds and 19 cotingas.

The birdlife of Costa Rica is explored in more detail

The animals -- mammals

Over 200 mammal species have been recorded in Costa Rica. Observant visitors to the national parks and other protected areas are almost certain to see one of the country's four types of monkeys -- howler, spider, white-faced capuchin and squirrel monkeys.

The country is also home to a wide assortment of other tropical mammals; two types of sloths, the often-viewed three-toed, a diurnal animal, and the rarely seen, nocturnal two-toed sloth. Three types of anteaters reside in Costa Rica; the tamandua is most commonly seen, while the others, the giant and silky anteaters are rarely glimpsed.

Visitors to Costa Rica's rainforests are liable to see armadillos, agoutis, coatis, peccaries (wild pigs), kinkajous, raccoons, squirrels and bats. But some rainforest animals are almost never seen. Jaguars and tapirs, for example, are now considered endangered species. Still, their tracks are regularly seen in the more remote, larger expanses of undisturbed forest such as that surrounding the Rara Avis Reserve.